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eng
US
Systematic theology
Norman R. Gulley
forew. by Millard J. Erickson
Vol. I
Prolegomena
Berrien Springs, Mich.
Andrews University Press
©2003
xxx, 810 p.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Foreword
xviii
Preface
xxi
Acknowledgments
xxix
Chapter One Major Philosophers and Scientists: Their Impact on Theology
Introduction
3
The Timeless View of God
4
Parmenides (c. 540-470 B.C.)
4
Plato (427-c. 347 B.C.)
6
Aristotle (384—322 B.C.)
7
Martin Heidegger (1889-1976)
9
Fernando Canale (1945—)
10
Platonic and Aristotelian Philosophy
11
Medieval Worldview
13
Modernity
15
René Descartes (1596-1650): The Father of Modern Philosophy
15
David Hume (1711-1776): The Father of Empiricism
20
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804): Copernican Revolution in Philosophy
22
Twentieth Century
30
Copernican Revolution of the “New Science”
31
Worldview of the “New Science”
32
Relativity and Quantum Mechanics
33
Rejection of Kantian Phenomenalism
34
Advances of the “New Science”
37
Relationship of Philosophy and Theology
38
Conclusion
42
Chapter Two The Impact of Major Philosophical Movements on Theology
Introduction
47
Pragmatism
47
Existentialism
49
Søren Kierkegaard (1813-1855)
49
Analytical Philosophy
53
Logical Positivism
54
A. J. Ayer (1910-1989)
55
Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889—1951)
57
Meaningless Statements
57
Convictional Language
60
Evaluation of Logical Positivism
62
An Opportunity Posed by the Demise of Logical Positivism
65
Theological Language
66
Nonempirical Side of Theological Language
67
Functional Use of Language
69
Theological Propositions Transcend Human Verifiability
71
Danger of Empirical Evidence
71
Theological Language of Faith
72
Eschatological Verification
75
Process Philosophy
76
Process Theology as a Threat to Christianity
77
Issue of Personal Freedom
81
Revelation in Jesus Christ
83
Thomistic-Calvinistic Theism
86
Theological Critique of Philosophy
88
Evaluation of Radical Orthodox Thinking on Philosophy and Theology
90
Conclusion
92
Function of Philosophy
92
Philosophy Not the Foundation of Theology
93
Chapter Three Foundationalism
Introduction
96
Beyond Foundationalism: The Case of Stanley Grenz and John Franke
99
Evaluation of Beyond Foundationalism
105
The Primary Foundation: The Case of Fritz Guy
110
Evaluation of Thinking Theologically
112
The Sole Foundation: The Case of Fernando Canale
116
Evaluation of Canale’s Contribution
126
Foundationalism and Philosophy: The Case of Radical Orthodoxy
127
Evaluation of Radical Orthodoxy
131
Foundationalism and Evangelicals: The Case of David F. Wells
133
Conclusion
135
Chapter Four What is Systematic Theology?
Introduction
139
Theology As Being Systematic
139
Worldview
140
Starting Place of a System
143
Center of a System
145
Theology As Science
149
Theologians Testify to Theology As Science
149
The Given in Theological Science
152
New Focus in Holism
153
Natural Science Must Not Intimidate Theological Science
154
Theological Method Compared to Scientific Method
157
The Differences between Theology and Science
158
Belief as a Part of Science
158
Belief in God Essential to Theological Science
160
Belief in Scripture Essential to Theological Science
160
Basic Presuppositions as a Part of Science
161
Changing Observer in Theological Science
162
Seeing the Parts in Relation to the Whole in Science
165
Majority View in Scripture Prevails in Theological Science
165
Sola Scriptura as a Part of Theological Science
166
Theological Method
168
Theological Method Involves Communicating the Biblical Messages
169
Theological Method Involves Mission
169
Theological Method Involves Epistemology
170
Theological Method Involves Reason
172
Does Theological Method Involve Apologetics?
172
Theology as a Servant to Scripture
177
Theology as a Servant to Christians
178
Aids in Studying Theology
179
Biblical Languages
179
Archaeology
180
Biblical Theology
182
Relation between Biblical Theology and Systematic Theology
187
Conclusion
188
Chapter Five God’s General Revelation
Introduction
190
The “Enmity Factor” of Genesis 3:15
191
The Loci of General Revelation
192
Nature
192
History
195
Thomas Aquinas and the Knowledge of God (1225-1274)
199
Five Proofs for God’s Existence
200
Evaluation of the Five Proofs
202
Friedrich Schleiermacher and the Knowledge of God (1768-1834)
203
The Importance of Schleiermacher’s Contribution
204
The God-Consciousness Within
205
John Calvin and the Knowledge of God (1509-1564)
206
The Knowledge of God in Contemporary Catholic Theology
207
The Knowledge of God in All Religions
208
The Knowledge of God and Its Limits in General Revelation
211
The Knowledge of God and Natural Theology
214
Fragmented and Partial Revelation
214
General Revelation Does Not Produce Faith
214
Assumptions
214
Limits of Natural Theology
215
The Knowledge of God and the Debate between Barth and Brunner
216
The Knowledge of God and the Contribution of Bruce A. Demarest
219
Conclusion
224
Chapter Six Scripture As Revelation
Introduction
229
The Need for Biblical Revelation
230
The Impact of J. S. Semler
230
Christ As Revelation
231
Encounter Revelation
232
Theologies Not Based on Scripture As Revelation
233
Karl Barth
233
Thomas F. Torrance
246
Donald G. Bloesch
254
Category Translation
261
Revelation and History
262
Revelation in History
263
Revelation through History
263
Revelation As History
264
External and Internal History
266
Personal Rather Than Encounter
267
The God Who Speaks
270
Scripture As Revelation
272
Propositional Nature of Scripture
272
Incarnational Nature of Scripture
277
Aesthetic Nature of Scripture
280
What Scripture Says about Its Own Revelation
280
The Old Testament
280
New Testament Testimony about the Old Testament
283
The New Testament's Testimony
284
Dynamic View of Revelation in the Context of a Closed Canon
284
Christ As Revelation
285
Propositional Revelation Necessary to Expose Counterfeits
286
Conclusion
288
Chapter Seven Biblical Inspiration
Introduction
293
Definition
294
Debate on Inspiration through the Centuries
294
Pagan View
294
Patristic Period
295
Medieval Period: Catholic Scholasticism
297
Reformation Period
299
The Council of Trent (1545-1563)
299
Francis Turretin (1623-1687)
300
Post-Reformation Period
300
Vatican Council II (1963-1965)
301
Theories of Inspiration
302
Intuition Theory
302
Illumination Theory
303
Mechanical Theory
303
Verbal Theory
304
Dynamic or Limited Verbal Theory
304
Bypassing the Conscious Mind
305
Degrees of Inspiration?
305
More Than a Human Word
306
Biblical Insights
307
God Speaks through Scripture
307
Why All Are Not Affected by Scripture
309
Scripture As God-Breathed
309
Inspiration and Sources
310
The Process of Inspiration
311
Holy Spirit’s Ministry to Humans
312
Creaturely Freedom Preserved
313
Are the Words of Scripture Inspired?
314
Inspiration and the Question of the Canon
316
Multiple Canons
317
Apocrypha
317
Formation of the Canon
318
Conclusion
324
Chapter Eight Scripture As Trustworthy
Introduction
328
History of Inerrancy
330
John Calvin (1509-1564)
330
Francis Turretin (1623-1687)
331
Princeton Theologians (1812—1912)
333
Charles Augustus Briggs’s Rejection of Innerancy (1891/1893)
333
The Fundamentals (1917)
335
Francis Pieper (1917—1950)
336
Vatican II Council (1963—1965)
336
Clark Pinnock’s Journey (1971 to 1984)
337
The Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy (1978)
339
The Conference on Biblical Inerrancy (1987)
341
Scripture As Trustworthy
344
Divisive Issue among Evangelical Theologians
345
How Conservative Theologians Handle Biblical Differences
346
Aspects of Biblical Inerrancy
347
Objections to Biblical Inerrancy
348
Erickson and Grudem on Inerrancy
349
Lewis and Demarest on Plenary Inerrancy
350
Inerrant in Matters of Salvation Only?
351
Conclusion
352
Chapter Nine Scripture As Authority
Introduction
360
Definition
361
Born with Authority
361
Vested Authority
361
Delegated Authority
361
Biblical Authority
Enlightenment Revolt against Biblical Authority
362
Church As Authority
363
Vatican II Council As Insight into Church Authority
367
Reformation Revolt against Church Authority
369
Church Built on Biblical Authority
369
Spirit Testifies to Biblical Authority
369
Reason As Authority
371
Experience As Authority
374
God As Authority
376
Christ’s View of Biblical Authority
378
Word of God As Authority
381
Conclusion
384
Chapter Ten Biblical Worldview
Introduction
390
The Worldviews of Naturalism and Transcendentalism
390
Naturalism
390
Transcendentalism
391
The Salvation Worldview of Scripture
392
Is There a Broader Biblical Worldview Than the Soteriological Worldview?
393
Limitations of Philosophy
394
Fallen Angels: Karl Barth
395
Toward Grasping the Biblical Cosmic Controversy Worldview
398
Origen’s On First Principles
398
Augustine’s City of God
399
John Calvin’s Institutes
400
John Milton’s Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained
401
C. S. Lewis’s Chronicles of Narnia
404
C. S. Lewis’s The Last Battle
405
Gregory A. Boyd’s God at War
407
Gregory A. Boyd’s Satan and the Problem of Evil
410
Lewis S. Chafer’s Satanology
414
The Cosmic Controversy Worldview of Scripture
416
Not Dependent on External Criteria
416
John Rawls’s Theory of Justice
416
The Sola Scriptura Approach
421
The Contribution of Isaiah 14 and Ezekiel 28
421
The Church Fathers
423
After the Church Fathers
424
Time of the Reformers
425
Martin Luther
425
John Calvin
425
Some Others Recognizing the Cosmic Context
426
Literary Analysis
427
The Cosmic Controversy Metanarrative
430
Job and the Cosmic Controversy
431
War Began in Heaven
433
The Battle in Eden
436
The Issue in the Cosmic Controversy
439
A Biblical Overview
440
The Future Gives Insights into the Beginning
442
The Cosmic Influence of Calvary
442
Pentecost and the Cosmic Battle
443
The Continuing Cosmic Battle
445
Christ’s Revelation of God
446
The Cosmic Controversy as a Theme in the System
447
Judgment As Insight into the Cosmic Controversy
447
God’s Final Judgment
448
Conclusion
452
Chapter Eleven Postmodern Worldview: Its Challenge to Theology
Introduction
458
Postmodern Thinkers
461
Friederich Nietzsche (1844—1900)
462
Jacques Derrida (1930-)
465
Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980)
468
Stanley Fish (1938-)
471
Further Critiques of Postmodern Theories That Cannot Be Lived
475
Consensus
475
Rejection of Absolutes
475
Limits to Pluralism
476
Narrative Theology’s Use of Scripture
476
Materialism
477
Postmodernity Described
477
Postmodernity Defined
478
Difference between Modernity and Postmodernity
479
Difficulties for Theology Posed by Postmodernism
481
Opposed to a System
481
Opposed to a Center
482
Opposed to Any Worldview
482
Relativism
483
Attempts at Interpretation and Theology for Postmoderns
483
Deconstruction
484
George A. Lindbeck’s Cultural-Linguistic Approach
487
Narrative Theology
487
Stanley J. Grenz’s Postmodern System of Theology
492
Thomas C. Oden’s Return to Classical Theology
496
Gordon R. Lewis and Bruce A. Demarest’s Integrative Theology
500
Francis Schaeffer’s Christian Worldview
503
The Importance of Logic
507
Opportunities for Theology in Postmodernity
508
Church’s Capitulation to Modernity
509
New Age Movement in Postmodernity
510
Post-Materialist Worldview
511
More Room for Religion
512
Intellectual Strengths of Christianity
512
Opportunity to Introduce Purpose
513
Reaching for Absolutes
513
The X Generation and Truth
514
Postmodernizing the Faith
515
Conclusion
516
Chapter Twelve History of Biblical Hermeneutics: Rabbinic to Post-Reformation
Introduction
521
Need for Biblical Hermeneutics
522
History of Biblical Interpretation
523
Rabbinic Judaism
523
Hellenistic Judaism
524
Qumran Community
525
Apostolic Period (30—100)
525
Apostolic Fathers (100—200)
527
Schools of Alexandria and Antioch (150-400)
529
Augustine of Hippo (354-430)
531
Constantine the Great (c. 275-337)
532
Middle Ages (590-1500)
532
The Reformation and Beyond (1500-1800)
534
Desiderius Erasmus (1466—1536)
535
Martin Luther (1483-1546)
537
Philipp Melanchthon (1497-1560)
549
Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)
549
John Calvin (1509-1564)
550
Council of Trent (1545-1563)
552
Francis Turretin (1623-1687)
553
Wesleyan Quadrilateral
557
Conclusion
559
Chapter Thirteen History of Biblical Hermeneutics: Enlightenment to Postmodernity
Introduction
563
Critical Scholars
564
Johann S. Semler (1721-1791)
564
Gotthold E. Lessing (1729-1781)
565
Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768-1834)
569
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831)
572
Ludwig Feuerbach (1804—1872)
575
Ernst Troeltsch (1865-1923)
576
Martin Dibelius (1883—1947)
579
Rudolf Bultmann (1884-1976)
580
Hans-Georg Gadamer (1900-2002)
585
Paul Ricoeur (1913-)
589
Critical Methods
597
Three Horizons
598
Diachronic and Synchronic Methods
599
Historical Paradigm
599
Literary Paradigm
607
Cultural Paradigm
611
Spiritual Location of Scripture: Function of the Holy Spirit
618
Classical Exegetes
620
Transcultural Context of Scripture
621
From Modernity to Postmodernity
622
The Text and Subsequent History
622
Scripture As Casebook
624
John Hercus
624
Charles H. Kraft
625
Alden Thompson
627
Category Translation
629
The Chicago Statement on Biblical Hermeneutics (1982)
631
Conclusion
633
Chapter Fourteen Biblical Hermeneutics
Introduction
640
The Work of the Academy
641
Some Issues in Biblical Interpretation
644
Evaluation of Authorial Intent
644
Single or Multiple Meanings?
645
Divine Authorial Intent
647
Sensus Plenior
651
Changing Meaning
653
Influence of Presuppositions on Interpretation
654
Scripture as a Union of the Divine and the Human
657
Comparison of Written and Living Words of God
658
Indivisible Union
659
Divisible Union
660
Scripture as the Word of God
661
The Sufficiency of Scripture
663
The Reliability of Scripture
664
The Clarity of Scripture
665
The Totality of Scripture
667
Scripture as the Standard
668
The Analogy of Scripture
674
The Humanity of Scripture
677
Scripture As Human Writing
677
Can a Later Inspired Writer Interpret an Earlier Inspired Writer?
678
Is Human Research Equivalent to Divine Revelation?
679
Human Problems in Scripture
679
Are There Contradictions in Scripture?
681
Does God Use Human Language, Logic, and Literature?
682
Implications of the Human in Scripture
684
Flight from Scripture
685
The Norm for Biblical Interpretation
685
General Hermeneutics Compared to Biblical Hermeneutics
687
Fundamental Practice of Interpretation in Scripture
689
Interpreters of Scripture in Scripture
690
Angel Interpreter in Scripture
691
Christ As Interpreter of Scripture
691
Sola Scriptura as an Internal Interpretive Tool
694
Typology as an Internal Interpretive Tool
697
Aesthetics/Chiasms as an Internal Interpretive Tool
699
Spiritual Things Spiritually Discerned
705
Scripture above Tradition
707
The Process of Interpretation
709
Creeds and Interpretation
711
Theological Hermeneutics
712
Conclusion
715
Chapter Fifteen Dispensational Hermeneutics
Introduction
719
Roots of the Movement
720
Dispensational Hermeneutics
721
Dispensations
721
Israel/Church Dichotomy
722
Consistent Literalism Method
723
Evidence Opposing Consistent Literalism
725
How to Interpret Old Testament Prophecies
725
Literal Fulfillment of Prophecies
726
Typological Interpretation
726
The Principle of Sola Scriptura
728
The Dispensational Interpretation of the Seventieth Week of Daniel 9:24-27
732
Scholars’ Critique of Consistent Literalism
732
Is the Present Return of Israel Prophetic?
733
Loss of Land Due to Unbelief
733
Loss of Land Can Be Eternal
734
Return to Location Not a Substitute for Return to Loyalty
735
Is Israel’s Original Entrance to the Land a Type for Its Present Entrance?
735
No Promise of Return to Palestine in the New Testament
736
Christ’s Kingdom As His Reign or Realm?
736
Calvary As Christ’s Last Word about Israel
737
The Future of Dispensational Hermeneutics
738
The Future of Israel as a Theological Question
744
Romans 9—11
745
Conclusion
748
Name Index
751
Scripture Index
761
Subject Index
773
What is the foundation of theology? In this monumental work—the “first things” of a multi-volume, comprehensive theological system—Norman R. Gulley argues pervasively and persuasively that Scripture, and Scripture alone, must be the sole foundation of authentic evangelical Christian faith. According to Gulley, theology should not depend on philosophy, science, reason, tradition or experience but on Scripture alone. His argument stands in contrast to recent influential evangelical theologians who consider Scripture only a witness to revelation, and not revelation itself According to Gulley, God is thus removed from His Word in the same way others have removed Him from His world. He argues that this emptying of Scripture of its propositional, cognitive revelation deconstructs the basis of the evangelical movement. Gulley’s view of sola scriptura drives his detailed, sweeping and balanced critique of the major underlying themes, issues and philosophies that have informed some other theological systems. From Parmenides and the timeless view of God in ancient Greece to a detailed analysis of 21st-century dispensational theology, Gulley ranges easily over millennia, showing how different concepts and philosophies have affected the premise of sola scriptura for good or ill. Aptly subtitled Prolegomena, this ambitious work functions as an excellent introduction to theological thought. It is designed for general use and for the serious student of theology who will appreciate the opening summary of each chapters contents, and the concluding study questions. It also serves as an introduction to the next volume which unfolds Gulley’s system within the biblical cosmic controversy world view.
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Theology, Doctrinal
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Gulley
N. R.
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Norman R.
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Erickson
M. J.
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Millard John
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